The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time. In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdańsk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.
Q English name Other names or former names Quimper Civitas Aquilonia or Corisopitum (Latin), Kemper (Breton), Quimper (French), Кемпер (Macedonian)
R English name Other names or former names Raahe Brahestad (Swedish), Raahe (Finnish), Рахе (Macedonian), 拉赫/Lāhè (Mandarin) Racibórz Ratibor (German),Buruma, Ian. Year Zero: A History of 1945. Penguin, 2013. Ratiboř (Czech), 拉提波/Lātíbō (Mandarin) Radzionków Radzionków (Polish), Radzionkau (German) Rădăuți Rădăuți (Romanian), Radautz (German), Radevits - ראַדעװיץ (Yiddish), Rádóc (Hungarian), Radowce (Polish), Rothacenum (Latin), Радауци (Macedonian) Radoviš Radoviš (Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Bosnian), Радовиш (Macedonian) Radymno Radymno (Polish), Redem - רעדעם (Yiddish), Радимно (Macedonian) Raiding Doborján (Hungarian), Raiding (German), Rajnof (Croatian) Rajec Rajec (Slovak*), Rajec — Рајец (Serbian*), Rajeca (Latvian*), Rajetz (German*) Rajecké TepliceBad Rajetz (German*), Rajecké Teplice (Slovak*), Rajecfürdő (Hungarian*), Rajecke Tjeplice (Serbo-Croatian*), Rajecke Tjeplice — Рајецке Тјеплице (Serbian*) Rakvere Wesenberg or Wesenbergh (former Danish, German and Swedish), Rakovor - (former Russian) Rauma Rauma (Estonian, Finnish), Raumo (Swedish), 劳马/勞馬/Láomǎ (Mandarin) Ravenna Raben (old German), Rabenna - 라벤나 (Korean), Ravena - Равена (Bulgarian), Ravena (Portuguese*, Romanian), Rávena or Ravena (Spanish)*, Ravenna (Azeri, Finnish, Italian, Latin* Maltese), Ravenne (French*), Rabenna - Ραβέννα (Greek), Rawenna (Polish), 拉维纳/拉維納/Lāwéinà (Mandarin) Regensburg Castra Regina (Latin), Radasbona (Hungarian), Ratisbon (former English), Ratisbona (Italian, Portuguese, former Romanian, Spanish, Catalan), Ratisbonne (French), Ratisvónni - Ρατισβόννη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα), Ratyzbona (Polish), Regensborg (Low Saxon), Regensburg (Dutch, German, Romanian), Regensburgi – რეგენსბურგი (Georgian*), Řezno (Czech) Reichenau La Punt (Romansh), Reichenau (German), 莱赫瑙/萊赫瑙/Láihènǎo (Mandarin) Reims Dourikotora - Δουρικορτόρα (Ancient Greek), Durocortorum (Latin), Reims (Finnish, French, German, Interlingua, Italian, Romanian, Spanish), Reimsa (Latvian), Reimsas (Lithuanian), Remeš (Czech, Slovak), Rēmes - Ρήμες (Greek, καθαρεύουσα), Remso (Esperanto), Rheims (English), Riemen (Dutch) Rennes Rennes (Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Italian), Rennu - レンヌ (Japanese)*, Resnn (Gallo), Roazhon (Breton)* ResenResen (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Ресен (Macedonian) Revúca Groß-Rauschenbach (German*), Nagyrőce (Hungarian*), Revuca — Ревуца (Serbian*), Revúca (Slovak*), Revūca (Latvian*, Lithuanian*) Veľká Revúca (archaic Slovak) Reykjavík Réicivíc (Irish), Léikèyăwèikè - 雷克雅未克 (Chinese)*, Reikiavik (Tagalog*), Reik'iavik'i – რეიკიავიკი (Georgian*), Reikyabikeu / Reik'yabik'ŭ - 레이캬비크 (Korean), Reikyabiku - レイキャビク (Japanese)*, Reikyavik (Persian), Reikjavīka (Latvian), Reikjavikas (Lithuanian), Reikiavik (Spanish), Reiquiavique (Portuguese)*, Rejkiawik and Reykjawik (Polish alternates), Reykjarvík (Old Norse alternate), Reykjavik (Maltese), Reykjavík (Czech, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Old Norse), Rejkjaviko (Esperanto), Reykjavik (Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish), Reykyavik (Azeri), Reykyavik or Reykavik (Turkish) Rēzekne Rēzekne (German*), Rositten (archaic German), Rēzekne or Rēzne (Latgalian*), Rzeżyca (Polish*), Rezekne - Резекне (Russian*), Rezhitsa - Режица (archaic Russian) Riga Lĭjiā - 里加 (Chinese)*, Rīġā (Arabic), Riga (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Interlingua, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Riga – რიგა (Georgian*), Ríga - Ρίγα (Greek), Riga - リガ (Japanese)*, Riga - 리가 (Korean), Rīga (Latvian), Ríge (Irish), Rige - ריגע (Yiddish), Rīgõ (Livonian), Riia (Estonian), Riika (Finnish), Ryga (Lithuanian, Polish), Ryha - Рыга (Belarusian), Ryha - Рига (Ukrainian) Rijeka Fiume (Italian*, Hungarian*), Reka (Slovene)*, Riek'a – რიეკა (Georgian*), Rieka (Persian, Kaykavian - Croat), Rijeka (Croatian*, Finnish*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak), Rika (Chakavian - Glagolitic), Rykva (early Croatian), St. Veit am Flaum (older German)* Риека (Bulgarian) Rimavská SobotaGroßsteffelsdorf (German*), Rimaszombat (Hungarian*), Rimavska Sobota (Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Serbo-Croatian*), Rimavska Sobota — Римавска Собота (Serbian*), Rimavská Sobota (Slovak*), Rymawska Sobota (Polish*) Rivne Rivne – რივნე (Georgian*), Рівне / Rivne (Ukrainian), Rovne - ראָװנע (Yiddish), Rovno (Romanian, Russian), Równe (Polish), Riwne (German), Rowno (older German) Roč Castrum Rotium (Latin), Roč (Croatian), Rozzo (Italian), Rotz (German) RochefortRočfortas (Lithuanian), Rochefort (French*), Rotchfoirt (Walloon*) Roeselare Roeselaore (Zeelandic*), Roeselare (Dutch*), Roeseloare (West Flemish*), Roslara (Latin), Roulers (French*, Occitan*), Ruselarė (Lithuanian*), Rūselare (Latvian*) Roman Roman (Romanian), Románvásár (Hungarian), Romanvarasch (German) Ronse Renaix (French*), Rinais (Walloon*), Ronsche (Zeelandic*), Ronse (Dutch*), Ronsė (Lithuanian), Rothnacum (Latin*) Rome Erroma (Basque)*, Luómǎ - 罗马 (Chinese)*, Rhufain (Welsh), Rim (Croatian*, Serbian, Slovene*), Rím (Slovak)*, Řím (Czech)*, Рим / Rim (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian), Рим / Rym (Ukrainian), Rzym (Polish)*, Rô-ma or La Mã (Vietnamese, the latter is old-fashioned), An Róimh (Irish), An Ròimh (Scottish Gaelic)*, Rom (Danish*, German*, Swedish*), Róm (Icelandic), Roma (Azeri*, Catalan*, Interlingua, Italian*, Lithuanian*, Latvian*, Norwegian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Romansh, Spanish*, Tagalog*, Turkish*), Róma (Hungarian)*, Roma - רומא (Hebrew), Rōma - ローマ (Japanese)*, Roma - 로마 (Korean), Rome (Dutch*, French*, Frisian*), Rome, Roeme, Roame (Limburgish, depending on dialect), Romi – რომი (Georgian*), Rómi - Ρώμη (Greek), Romo (Esperanto), Rooma (Estonian*, Finnish*), Roum (Luxembourgish), Roym - רױם (Yiddish), Ruma (Maltese), Rūmiya (Arabic) Roskilde Hróarskelda (Icelandic), Roskilde (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish, Polish) Rostock Rostock (Estonian, Finnish, German, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish), Rostock / Rostok (Polish), Rostoka (Latvian), Rostokas (Lithuanian), Rostoque (Portuguese)*, Roztoka (former Polish), Roztoky (Czech) Rouen Ratumacos (Gaulish), Rotomagus (Latin), Rouaan (Dutch alternate), Rouan (Breton*), Rouen (French, Italian, Romanian), Ruan or Ruán (Spanish)*, Ruão (Portuguese), Ruāna (Latvian), Rúðuborg (Icelandic), Rouenē - Ρουένη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα) Rovaniemi Roavenjarga (Northern Sami), Rovaniemi (Estonian, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish), Rovaniemis (Lithuanian) Rovinj Rovigno (Italian, Venetian), Rovinj (Croatian, Slovene), Ruginium (Latin), Ρυγίνιον - Rygínion (Ancient Greek) Rožňava Rojna (Turkish*), Rojnyava (Azerbaijani*), Rosenau (German*), Rosnavia (Latin), Rožňava (Slovak*), Rožņava (Latvian*), Rožniava (Lithuanian*), Rożniawa (Polish*), Rožnjava (Serbo-Croatian*), Rozsnyó (Hungarian*) Ružomberok Rosenberg (German*), Rózsahegy (Hungarian*), Rujоmbеrоk (Azerbaijani*), Rużomberk (Polish*), Ružomberok (Slovak*), Ružomberoka (Latvian*), Ružomberokas (Lithuanian*) Rzeszów Reichshof (German 1939–1945), Reisha - רישא (Hebrew), Resche (former German), Řešov (Czech), Resovia (Latin, former Spanish), Reyshe - רײשע (Yiddish), Ryashеv - Ряшев (Russian), Ryashiv (Ukrainian), Rzeszów (Polish), Rzeszůw (Silesian), Žešova (Latvian), Žešuvas (Lithuanian)
S English name Other names or former names Saarbrücken Saarbrécken (Luxembourgish)*, Saarbrücken (German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Saarbrükken (Azeri)*, Saarbrýken - (Greek)*, Sarabrucca (Medieval Latin), Sarbriukenas (Lithuanian)*, Sarrebruck (French*, Spanish [dated]), Zaarbriuk'eni – (Georgian*) Saarlouis Saarlautern (German 1936–1945)*, Saarlouis (German)*, Sarre-Libre (French 1793–1810)*, Sarrelouis (French)* Šabac Böğürdelen (Turkish), Šabac (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Šabac - Шaбац (Serbian, Macedonian), Schabatz (German), Szabács (Hungarian) Sabinov Сibinium (Latin), Kisszeben (Hungarian*), Sabinov (Slovak*), Sabinova (Latvian*), Sabinovas (Lithuanian*), Zeben (German*) Sagunto Morvedre (former Catalan), Murviedro (former Spanish), Sagunt (Catalan, German), Sagunto (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Saguntum (Latin) Šahy Eipelschlag (German*), Ipolyság (Hungarian*), Šahi (Latvian*), Šahy (Slovak*), Şefradi (Turkish*) St Albans Verlamchester or Wæclingacaester (Old English), Verlamion (former English), Verulamium (Latin) St Andrews Cill Rìmhinn (Scottish Gaelic), Kilrymont or Kilrule (former English), Sanct Andraes (Lowland Scots) St Asaph Llanelwy (Welsh) St Davids Menevia (Ecclesiastical Latin, Italian), Mynyw (Middle Welsh), St. Davids (English, German), Saint Ntéibints - Σαιντ Ντέιβιντς (Greek), Tyddewi (Welsh) St. Gallen Saint-Gall (French, Romanian), San Galo (Spanish*), San Gallo (Italian), Sankt Gallen (Dutch, German), São Galo (Portuguese*), Sent-Gâl (Arpitan*), Son Gagl (Romansh), Svatý Havel (Czech) Saint Petersburg Ayía Petrúpoli - Αγία Πετρούπολη (Greek)*, Cathair Pheadair (Irish), Peterburg and Peyterburg - פּעטערבורג (Yiddish), Peterburi (Estonian), Petroburgo (Esperanto), Petrograd (traditional Serbian, independent of the 1914–1924 renaming)*, Petrohrad (Slovak)*, Petropolis (Latin)*, Pietari (Finnish), Saint-Pétersbourg (French)*, Sangteu Petereubureukeu / Sangt'ŭ P'et'erŭburŭk'ŭ - 상트페테르부르크 (Korean), Sankta Pætursborg or St. Pætursborg (Faroese)*, Sankti Pétursborg (Icelandic)*, Sankt-Peterburg (Croatian*, Sankt-Peterburg - (Russian*), Sankt Peterburg - Санкт Петербург (Serbian)*, Sankt-Peterburg* or Peterburg (Turkish), Sankt Peterburg (Serbo-Croatian*, Slovene*, seldom Slovak), Sanktpēterburga (Latvian), Sankt Peterburgas (Lithuanian), Sankt'-P'et'erburgi - სანქტ-პეტერბურგი (Georgian*), Sankt Petěrburk (Czech), Sankt Petersborg (Danish*, Low German*), Sankt Petersburg (German*, Polish, Romanian, Swedish), Sankt-Pieciarburh - (Belarusian), Sankuto Peteruburuku - サンクトペテルブルク (Japanese)*, San Petersburgo (Spanish*, Tagalog*), San Pietroburgo (Italian)*, San Pietruburgu (Maltese), Sānt Bītarsbūrġ - (Arabic)*, São Petersburgo (Portuguese)*, Shën Petersburg (Albanian), Shèng Bĭdébāo - 聖彼得堡 (Chinese), Sint-Petersburg (Dutch)*, St. Petersburg (Norwegian)*, Szentpétervár (Hungarian)*, Xanh Pê-téc-bua (Vietnamese)
1638–1703 (a 17th-century town at the site of the present city): Nevanlinna (Finnish), Niyen – (Russian), Nyen (Swedish)
1914–1924: Petorogurādo - ペトログラード (Japanese), Petrograd (former English, former French, former Russian, former Serbian, former Slovene, former Swedish), Petrogrado (former Spanish, former Portuguese), Petrohrad (former Czech, Slovak), Pietrogrado (former Italian), Piotrogród (former Polish), Pēterpils (former Latvian), Petrapilis (former Lithuanian)