Turkmen (, , , or , , , ) is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia. It has an estimated 4.7 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), plus a further 359,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.2 million people in northwestern Afghanistan, where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia.
Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Qashqai, and Turkish, sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic, spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm, the Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran.
The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use the Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks, including phonemic vowel length.
Iraqi and Syrian Turkmen speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani, in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian. These varieties are not Turkmen in the sense of this article.
Classification
Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages, together with Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility. However, an arguably closer language to Turkmen is Khorasani Turkic, with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and also Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan.
Turkmen has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb.
Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, , , Hasarly, Nerezim, , Salyr, Saryk, and . The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only a limited influence from classical Chagatai.
Comparison with other Turkic languages Turkmen has dental fricatives and unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as and . The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir. However, in Bashkir and are two independent phonemes, distinct from and , whereas in Turkmen and are the two main realizations of the common Turkic and . In other words, there are no and phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has , , and .
Turkmen vs. Azerbaijani The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as in Azerbaijani, whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: .Shiraliyev M. Fundamentals of Azerbaijan dialectology. Baku, 2008. p.76 In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: .Kara M. Turkmen Grammar. Ankara, 2005. p.231
Here are some words with a different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen Azeri English I, meyouwhenotherdog skin, leather egg heart to hear
Turkmen vs. Turkish Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and the principle of "One Nation, Two States".
Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics.Ahmet Cuneyd Tantug. A MT System from Turkmen to Turkish Employing Finite State and Statistical Methods. Istanbul Technical University. 2008. p.2
Here are some words from the Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen Turkish English I, melongtreeeyeheart to live water (loaned from Persian) sky correct
Phonology
Vowels Front Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close Mid Open
Consonants Labial Alveolar/Dental Palatal VelarGlottal Nasal Stop/Affricate Fricative ~s β~w~z Approximant Tap/Trill r~
Writing system
The Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries,Languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation and neighboring states (in Russian), Vol.3; 2005. Nauka (Science). p. 138 with its literary tradition dating back to the 14th century. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914.Isaev M. M. Language construction in USSR. 1979. Nauka (Science). p. 352
The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in the Turkmen language.
During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power, the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language.Chariyarov B. Issues of improvement of the alphabets of Turkic languages of USSR. 1972. Nauka (Science) pp. 149–156
The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script.
In January 1925, on the pages of the republican newspaper , the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Turkmen SSR.
At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper Sowet Türkmenistany published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up a draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published.
In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching the new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993, the Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet.Soyegov, M. New Turkmen Alphabet: several questions on its development and adoption
Grammar
Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, "from the villages" can be analysed as "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); "I am taking" as al "take", (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular).
Another characteristic of Turkmen is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: For example, the ablative case of is "from the villages" but, the ablative case of "dogs" is "from the dogs".
+ Declension examples (with vowel length) Case Example Consonant-ending nouns Vowel-ending nouns With consonant voicing With vowel deletion Nominative Sygyr yzyna geldi. sygyr ner öý ýara gije doly köpek ogul Accusative Men sygyry sagdym. sygyry neri öýi ýarāny gijǟni dolȳny köpegi ogly Genitive Men sygyryň guýrugyny çekdim. sygyryň neriň öýüň ýarānyň gijǟniň dolȳnyň köpegiň ogluň Dative Men sygyra iým berdim. sygyra nere öýe ýarā gijǟ dola köpege ogla Locative Sygyrda näme günä bar? sygyrda nerde öýde ýarada gijede doluda köpekde ogulda Ablative Bu kesel sygyrdan geçdi. Men sygyrdan ýadadym. sygyrdan nerden öýden ýaradan gijeden doludan köpekden oguldan
Directives and speech levels Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. +UsageSuffixExampleNotePositiveNegativePositiveNegativeNeutral -Ø[iň] -ma[:ň]bar[yň]barma[:ň]offensive if used with elders without -ň (plural marker).Familiar -sana -masanagelsenegelmesenecommon between friends.Polite -gyn -magyngoýgyngoýmagynrespectful but insistent on request.Polite request(suggestive) -a:ý[yň] -ma:ý[yň] / -a:ýma[:ň]gidäýgitmäý[iň]/gidäýmäň -ma:ý[yň] simply suggests not doing while -a:ýma[:ň] increases respect to the addressee .Formal Polite -saňyzla:[ň] -masaňyzla:[ň]gaýtsaňyzla:[ň]gaýtmasaňyzla:[ň]Respectful request -i:ber[iň] -i:bermä[:ň]aýdyberaýdybermä[:ň]more common when the requested action is imminent.Highly polite -a:wer[i] -ma:wer[i] / -a:werma[:ň]edäwerietmäweri / edäwermäňused when talking to an elder or a ruler or when praying.Polite command -saňyz -masaňyzalsaňyzalmasaňyzHighly polite suggestion -a:ýsyňyz -ma:ýsyňyzýaza:ýsyňyzýazma:ýsyňyzHortative -a:ýyn -ma:ýyngidäýingitmäýine.g. let me go/not go (as a question: shall I go? shall I not go?)Cohortative -a:ly[:ň] -ma:ly[:ň]başla:ly[:ň]başlama:ly[:ň] -:ň is used if and only if the addressee is more than two people.3rd p. directive -syn[lar] -masyn[lar]bolsun[lar]bolmasyn[lar]used in wishes or indirect commands.
Literature
Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of the Oghuz Turks, who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.
The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11–12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey. These works include, but are not limited to the Book of Dede Korkut, Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly, Layla and Majnun, Yusuf Zulaikha and others.