The 38th Battalion, CEF was a unit of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force. It was mobilized in Ottawa and recruited in Ottawa, Brockville, Perth, Prescott and Alexandria. An initial draft of five officers and 251 other ranks was sent to England on 24 June 1915. The battalion embarked at Montreal on 1 August 1915, aboard the Caledonian, disembarking in Bermuda on 12 August 1915. Its strength was 35 officers and 959 other ranks. The battalion embarked at Bermuda on 30 May 1916, aboard the Grampian, disembarking in England on 9 June 1916. Its strength was 35 officers and 1001 other ranks. The battalion arrived in France on 13 August 1916, becoming part of the 4th Canadian Division, 12th Canadian Infantry Brigade. It was later reinforced by the 7th Canadian Reserve Battalion. The battalion returned to England on 6 May 1919, arrived in Canada on 13 June 1919, was demobilized in Ottawa on 15 June 1919, and was disbanded by General Order 149 of 15 September 1920.
Perpetuation The 38th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF, is perpetuated by The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa.Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
History
Formation and training
The 38th Battalion was authorized on 28 December 1914, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel R. Gordon Stewart (son of Ottawa politician Robert Stewart), commanding officer of the 43rd Duke of Cornwall's Own Rifles, Ottawa, although recruiting had gone on since November. It was the first complete infantry unit to be raised in Ottawa; its badge bears the city's motto, "Advance". In January 1915, Colonel Stewart was appointed brigade major of the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division; Lieutenant Colonel C. M. Edwards (also an officer of the DCOR) was given command of the 38th.
In January 1915, arrangements were made to use the former Ottawa Ladies' College for battalion headquarters. On 5 February the 38th took charge of the building, and on 8 February the first daily orders were posted. The first company to be organized was A Company, under the command of Capt. R. F. Parkinson of the 43rd Regiment; its personnel was largely made up of the old 43rd. B Company was also recruited by the end of January under the command of Capt. A. C. Ross of the Governor-General's Foot Guards. C Company was mobilized in the outlying districts of eastern Ontario (headquartered at Smith's Falls) under the command of Capt. A. W. Gray. D Company was supplied entirely from the Officers' Training Corps of McGill University, with Capt. Gregor Barclay in command.
Initial training was carried out in Ottawa; in April 1915 the battalion was inspected at Lansdowne Park by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, who was enthusiastic about the efficiency the battalion had reached. The 38th left Ottawa for Barriefield Camp on 25 May. Soon after its arrival, it was required to provide a complete company for a reinforcing draft to proceed overseas immediately. D Company was chosen, and sailed 29 May 1915, from Montreal on the Northland. A replacement D Company was organized in eastern Ontario under the command of Capt. W. S. Wood.
A second reinforcing draft was ordered from the 38th; 5 officers and 250 other ranks were selected from A, B, and C Companies to complete this draft. Commanded by Captain A. C. Ross, it included the following officers: Lieutenant A. C. Fraser of A Company, Lieutenant B. R. Bechel of B Company, Lieutenant F. Smyth of C Company and Lieutenant A. B. Parker of D Company. It sailed from Montreal on the Missanable 24 June 1915. In July, the 38th was ordered to complete its training and relieve the Royal Canadian Regiment (which had itself replaced the 2nd Battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment of the British Army in 1914) performing garrison duty in Bermuda. The Duke of Connaught again inspected the battalion, pointing out that the 38th would be the first battalion (other than regular, militia and volunteer units of the British Army) to occupy the Imperial fortress of Bermuda—one of the most important military and naval bases of the empire.
Before the battalion left Ottawa on 31 July 1915, the regimental colours were consecrated by the battalion Chaplain, Captain H. I. Horsey, and presented by the Duke of Connaught. The original colour party was composed of Lieutenants Stronach and R. F. Greene and Company Sergeant Majors Carroll, Wilkinson and Vance. On the night of 31 July they embarked on the SS Caledonia at Montreal. The transport proceeded down the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but was ordered back to Quebec City due to the suspected presence of submarines off the Atlantic coast. The battalion disembarked at Lévis, and two days later proceeded to Halifax by train. The ship sailed on to Halifax and picked up the 38th 7 August. They sailed on 8 August, landing in Bermuda on 13 August.
Bermuda
The unit was welcomed to the Bermuda Garrison by the Governor and Commander-in-Chief (or General Officer Commanding-in-Chief) of Bermuda, Lieut. General Sir George Bullock. Bermuda was divided into three military districts: the Eastern Military district (controlled from St. George's Garrison, the original 18th Century military base in Bermuda), the Central Military District (controlled from Prospect Camp, which also housed the Bermuda Command Headquarters); and the Western Military District, controlled from Clarence Barracks on the co-joined Boaz Island and Watford Island). Headquarters, D Company and half of C Company were located at Prospect Barracks, in Devonshire, near the City of Hamilton; A Company were at Clarence Barracks on Boaz and Watford Islands, close to the Royal Naval Dockyard on Ireland Island, and the other half of C Company was at St. David's Island (in the Eastern Military District), where the coastal artillery guns of St. David's Battery, which guarded the entrance to the main shipping channel through Bermuda's surrounding reef, required protection against rear attack by an enemy shore party. Active training and garrison duties were immediately begun and with the assistance of Imperial Army Instructors, the battalion reached a high state of efficiency. On 8 February 1916, the 38th was inspected by the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda, who forwarded official reports to the British War Office and militia headquarters at Ottawa declaring the unit fit to take its place in the field alongside the finest regiments in the British Army. Documentary film footage was recorded of the battalion during its time in Bermuda. Date on the film is shown incorrectly as “1932."
The 163rd Battalion reached Bermuda on 29 May 1916, to relieve the 38th and the latter sailed for Devonport, England on 31 May. The battalion had gained at least eleven recruits in Bermuda, including at least three who had previously served in the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC). The Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA) and the BVRC, normally local-service reserve units of the British Army, both sent two contingents of volunteers to the Western Front during the war (in 1916 and 1917, and 1915 and 1916 respectively). It had been ordered before the departure of the 38th that no further contingents would be sent abroad by the BVRC, but many of its soldiers were permitted to join CEF battalions, either in Bermuda or Canada. Other Bermudians resident in Canada also joined the CEF (see Bermudians in the Canadian Expeditionary Force). They arrived on 13 June, and proceeded to Bordon Camp. On the following day the 38th was inspected by Major-General D. Watson, G. O. C. of the newly formed 4th Canadian Division, who was so favourably impressed with the unit's standard of efficiency that he accepted it for his division. The 38th became a unit of the 12th Canadian Infantry Brigade at Bramshott Camp, commanded by Brig. General Lord Brooke. On 1 July the 38th (and the rest of the 4th Canadian Division) was inspected by His Majesty the King. Early in August, embarkation orders for the 4th Division were received; the 38th sailed from Southampton to Le Havre on 13 August. Two days later they entrained for Poperinghe, Belgium, reaching there on 17 August. That evening half the battalion (A and C Companies, commanded by Major Parkinson) was sent forward to support trenches east of Ypres; by morning, they had received their baptism of shell fire.
Western Front The battalion took over the front line immediately east of Kemmel Hill (the southern end of the Ypres salient), where they remained until 23 September 1916. On that date, the 38th (and other units of the 4th Canadian Division) began its march south to join the remainder of the Canadian Corps in the Somme operations. A stop of one week was made near the village of Epileque for refitting and training. The battalion entrained at Saint-Omer, reaching Canaas on 9 October and bivouacking on the west slope of Tara Hill. Until 17 November, the 38th was occupied with work parties and periods in the front line.
On 17 November, the 38th took over a section of front line from the 11th Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers as part of the attack on Desire Trench and Grandcourt. The 38th went "over the top" for the first time on 18 November and all objectives were gained. The battalion had about 500 casualties, including 5 officers killed and 11 wounded. The battalion was relieved on 20 November, and what was left of it returned to Albert. After several days of reorganization, the march to the Vimy Ridge front began. The first three weeks of December were spent billeted in Bruay-la-Buissière where reinforcements were received, bringing the unit up to strength. The commander of the Canadian Corps, General Sit Julian Byng, inspected the 38th on 14 December. On Christmas night 1916 the 38th went into the line on Vimy Ridge at Souchez, relieving the 13th Royal Highlanders of Montreal. From then until the attack on 9 April, the battalion remained on the front. Many patrol encounters took place in No Man's Land; on 22 February the 38th raided the enemy's front line with a party of 125, inflicting heavy casualties.
Vimy Ridge The 38th was relieved on 28 March and went into brigade support, returning to the line on the evening of 4 April ready for the "big show". When the attack began on 9 April, the task assigned the battalion was an objective well over the crest of the ridge; before evening, all objectives had been gained. Casualties were about 400 including Lieut. Col. Edwards, who was wounded. Major R. F. Parkinson assumed command of the battalion during Col. Edwards' three-month absence. The 38th was relieved on 13 April and was withdrawn to Hersin-Coupigny for reorganization. They returned to the line on 19 April, taking up a position east of Vimy Ridge near Lens. From 26 to 28 June, the 38th captured the towns of La Coulotte and Avion; meeting particularly stubborn resistance in Avion, the battalion's casualties during this three-day period were about 250.