The city of Atlanta, Georgia, in Fulton County, was an important rail and commercial center during the American Civil War. Although relatively small in population, the city became a critical point of contention during the Atlanta campaign in 1864 when a powerful Union Army approached from Union-held Tennessee. The fall of Atlanta was a critical point in the Civil War, increasing the North's confidence and (along with the victories at Mobile Bay and Winchester) leading to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln and the eventual dissolution of the Confederacy. The capture of the "Gate City of the South" was especially important for Lincoln in his contentious election campaign against the Democratic opponent George B. McClellan.
Early war years + Population in 1860 Region Fulton GeorgiaTotal population 14,427 1,057,286 Total white persons 11,441 591,550 Total slaveholders 478 41,084aggr. Slaves 2,955 462,198 aggr. Freecolored persons 31 3,500 Families 1,995 109,919 % of familiesowning slaves 23.86% 37.38%
The city that would become Atlanta began as the endpoint of the Western and Atlantic Railroad (aptly named Terminus) in 1837. Atlanta grew quickly with the completion of The Georgia Railway in 1845Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 597 and the Macon & Western in 1846.Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 592 The city was incorporated in 1847 and extended 1 mile in all directions from the zero-mile post.Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 64 In 1860, Atlanta was a relatively small city ranking 99th in the United States in size with a population of 9,554 according to the 1860 United States (U.S.) Census. However, it was the 13th-largest city in what became the Confederate States of America. A large number of machine shops, foundries and other industrial concerns were soon established in Atlanta. The population swelled to nearly 22,000 as workers arrived for these new factories and warehouses.
The city was a vital transportation and logistics center, with several major railroads in the area. The Western & Atlantic Railroad connected the city with Chattanooga, Tennessee, 138 miles to the north. The Georgia Railway connected the city with Augusta to the east and the Confederate Powderworks on the Savannah River. Internet Archive, History of the Confederate powder works The Macon & Western connected Atlanta to Macon and Savannah to its south. The fourth line, Atlanta and West Point Railroad, completed in 1854, connected Atlanta with West Point, Georgia.Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 599 At West Point the line linked up with the Western Railway of Alabama, thus connecting Atlanta with Montgomery to its west. A series of roads radiated out from the city in all directions, connecting Atlanta with neighboring towns and states.
Thought to be relatively safe from Union forces early in the war, Atlanta rapidly became a concentration point for the Confederate quartermasters and logistics experts;Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 177Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, p 532 warehouses were filled with food, forage, supplies, ammunition, clothing and other materiel critical to the Confederate States of America armies operating in the Western Theater.
Some of the major manufacturing facilities supporting the Confederate war effort were:Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 144
The Atlanta Rolling Mill, established before the war, was significantly expanded and provided a major source for armor plating for Confederate Navy ironclads, including the CSS Virginia. It also refurbished railroad tracks. The Confederate Pistol Factory made pistols. The Novelty Iron Works produced ordnance supplies. Confederate Arsenal was located at the northwest corner of Walton and Peachtree Street. The Empire Manufacturing Company made Railroad cars and bar iron. Winship Foundry produced great quantities of metal products, railroad supplies, freight cars, and iron bolts. Atlanta Machine Works produced ordnance. The cannons produced by the Atlanta Machine Works were rifled at the Western and Atlantic Roundhouse. W. S. Withers and Solomon Solomon Foundry made buttons, spurs, bits, buckles, etc. A Flour Mill was located at the northwest corner of Marietta and North Avenue. Hammond Marshall Sword Factory manufactured swords. Atlanta Steam Tannery made leather goods for the army. The Naval Ordnance Works was set up in early 1862 by Lieutenant David Porter McCorkle using stores and machinery he was able to move to Atlanta from New Orleans before it fell. The works produced gun carriages and shells for the Confederate navy.Davis, What the Yankees did to Us, p 42 The Confederate Iron and Brass Foundry produced all kinds of iron and brass works.
In addition to the transportation and manufacturing facilities, there were several hospitals in Atlanta.Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 9 116–117
The General Hospital was located on the fairground, on Fair Street. The Distribution Hospital was located on the southeast corner of Alabama and Pryor Streets. The Atlanta Female Institute on Courtland Street was used as a hospital. The Atlanta Medical College was used as a surgical hospital. Kiles Hotel on Decatur and Loyd Streets was used as a hospital. A hotel on Peachtree was used as a hospital. The convalescent hospital was located on the Ponder property at Means Street and Ponder Avenue. The hospital for contagious diseases was located on 155 acres of property taken from William Markham.
On July 5, 1864, General Joseph E. Johnston issued orders that all hospitals and munitions works in Atlanta be evacuated. On July 7, Colonel Josiah Georgas, ordnance chief in Richmond, issued orders to Colonel M. H. Wright, commanding the arsenal in Atlanta: "Send the bulk of machinery & stores to Augusta and to Columbia, S.C., send workmen in same direction when it becomes necessary."Davis, What the Yankees did to Us, p 77
A number of newspapers flourished in Atlanta during the Civil War. Among the more prominent ones were the Atlanta Southern Confederacy and the Daily Intelligencer, both of which moved to Macon, Georgia, during the Union occupation in 1864. The Daily Intelligencer was the only Atlanta paper to survive the war and resume publication from Atlanta after Union forces began their "March to the Sea".Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, p 328Davis, What the Yankees did to Us, p 83
Atlanta as a target
Concerned after the fall of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, that Atlanta would be a logical target for future Union Army attacks, Jeremy F. Gilmer, Chief of the Confederate Engineer Bureau, contacted Captain Lemuel P. Grant, Chief Engineer of the Department of Georgia, and asked him to survey possible enemy crossings of the Chattahoochee River, a broad waterway that offered some protection from a northern approach. Grant complied, and after a thorough investigation and survey, explained that the fortification of Atlanta would involve "an expenditure second only to the defense of Richmond". Captain Grant planned "a cordon of enclosed works, within supporting distance of each other", with twelve to fifteen strong forts sited specially for artillery and connected by infantry entrenchments in a perimeter "between 10 and 12 miles in extent". Gilmer gave Grant the approval to develop a plan to ring Atlanta with forts and earthworks along the key approaches to the city. Gilmer advised that the earthen forts should be connected by a line of rifle pits, with ditches, felled timbers or other obstruction to impede an infantry charge. Gilmer also suggested that the perimeter should be "far enough from the town to prevent the enemy coming within bombarding distance" Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, p 567Davis, What the Yankees did to Us, pp 58–59
General Gilmer knew that the construction of the Atlanta Fortification would, by its scope, impact private property. He advised Col. M. J. Wright:OR Series 1 - Volume 31 (Part II) pp 575-576
HEADQUARTERS, ETC., Charleston, S. C., October 21, 1863. Col. M. J. WRIGHT Commanding, Atlanta, Ga.:
COLONEL: In order to make the works constructed for the defense of Atlanta effective, the timber must be cut down in front of the lines for a distance of, say, 900 to 1,000 cubic yards, and the cutting should be continuous.
The true rule should be to clear away as far as our own guns can (command the ground, well and no farther, as the ranges of the enemy's artillery are generally greater than ours. The work ought to be commenced at once, as it will require some time to complete it; the forest in front of the batteries to be cleared away first. In all cases have the trees thrown from the lines and the branches that stand up from the felled trees cut off so that they may offer no cover. The stumps ought not to be high.
As to damages for putting up works on private lands and cutting timber, they should be assessed by impartial and intelligent persons. A good plan (one that we have resorted to in previous cases) is to appoint an officer of good judgment and the local proprietors to select a second, to make the appraisements and report the same to the engineer officer (Captain Grant) for transmission to the Engineer Bureau. That office will have the appraisement examined and make such indorsements thereon as may be thought just and proper, and then forward them to the Attorney-General, whose duty it is by law to examine them, and, if the claims be well founded, to ask Congress to appropriate for their payment. Should the two appraisers fail to agree they must choose a third as umpire. In each case the property damaged should be described with care. I would like to have the indorsements of yourself and Captain Grant on the appraisements before they are forwarded to the Engineer Bureau.
It is not necessary to apply to Richmond concerning the exterior lines. If you have the labor, press them forward at once, particularly on the front. Direct Captain Grant to apply to the Engineer Bureau for all necessary funds. If needed a reasonable supply of intrenching tools, axes, &c., can be sent him on his application, but I hope you have sufficient from the battle-field of Chickamauga. I am, colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. F. GILMER, Major-General and Chief of Engineer Bureau
Captain Grant planned a series of 17 redoubts forming a 10-mile (16 km) circle over a mile (1.6 km) out from the center of town. These would be interlinked with a series of earthworks and trenches, along with rows of abatis and other impediments to enemy troops. Construction on the extensive defensive works began in August 1863. They were bounded on the north by high ground (the present location of the Fox Theatre), the west by Ashby Street, the south by McDonough Drive and the east by what is today known as Grant Park. Gilmer inspected the completed work in December 1863 and gave his approval. Because of how the subsequent campaign unfolded, most of these fortifications were never really put to the test.Davis, What the Yankees did to Us, pp 58–63Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, p 568
By late October Captain Grant had nearly completed his encirclement of Atlanta and the number of forts had risen to seventeen. Of the seventeen planned forts, thirteen had been completed. Due to topographical features of the land and the manning requirements for the fortifications, Grant's design had, by necessity, left Atlanta within artillery range. The section of the line protecting the north west approach to Atlanta was inside the city limits. To help protect this area, an additional string of forts was constructed further out from the city. A report from Captain Grant to Gen. Wright places the length of the fortifications at and requiring about 55,000 troops to fully man the line.History Atlanta, Fort X