The legion of fictional deities in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game covers an extensive range of spheres of influence, allowing players to customize the spiritual beliefs and powers of their characters, and as well as giving Dungeon Masters a long list of gods from which to design evil temples and minions. Although the Greyhawk campaign world, when it was merely a home game, started with no specific gods, the value of having deities available for both players and game plot purposes was quickly realized. The number of deities has varied with each version of the campaign world that has been published, but for many years numbered a few dozen. It has only been since 1999 that the number of gods increased dramatically to almost 200, due to the volume of newly published material that was subsequently integrated into the campaign world.
Greyhawk as a home campaign: very few deities
When Dungeons & Dragons was developed in the early 1970s by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, one of the archetypal character classes in the original game was the cleric, a character who received divine powers from "the gods". However, when Gygax started to build his own campaign world called Greyhawk, one facet of culture that he did not address was organized religion. Since his campaign was largely built around the needs of lower-level characters, he didn't think specific deities were necessary, since direct interaction between a god and a low-level character was very unlikely. Some of his players took matters into their own hands, calling upon Norse or Greek gods such as Odin or Zeus, or even Conan's Crom in times of dire need.Kuntz: "Before [Gygax] codified the gods there [were] Norse Gods... Robilar really only mentioned Odin once or twice; Mornard's Gronan as well as Ratners's Ayelerach both swore by Crom." However, some of the players wanted Gygax to create and customize a specific deity so that cleric characters could receive their divine powers from someone less ambiguous than "the gods". Gygax, with tongue in cheek, created two gods: Saint Cuthbert—who brought non-believers around to his point of view with whacks of his cudgelGygax: "St. Cuthbert was more of a joke than otherwise. Consider the advocacy of pounding sense into someone's head by dint of blows from a club." —and Pholtus, whose fanatical followers refused to believe that any other gods existed. Because both of these deities represented aspects of Good, Gygax eventually created a few evil deities to provide some villainy.Gygax: "The development of anything akin to a logical pantheon of deities for the world setting took a considerable period of time to complete because we seldom dealt with such entities in play. St. Cuthbert and Pholtus were amusing to the players with cleric PCs so I spent time detailing them. The balance then followed as I brought into play evil deities to serve as villians and to frustrate the aims of the PCs."
In Gygax's serialized novella The Gnome Cache, which was set in Greyhawk, a shrine to St. Cuthbert (spelled "St. Cuthburt") is mentioned; this was the first published reference to a Greyhawk deity.
Greyhawk deities and the folio edition
In 1980, TSR published Gygax's home campaign world as a 32-page folio, World of Greyhawk (known as the "folio edition" to differentiate it from later versions). However, Gygax did not include any details of the deities he used in his home campaign at this time.
Several adventure modules were quickly published to support the folio edition, and one of them, C1 The Hidden Shrine of Tamoachan, featured the first deities designed specifically for a World of Greyhawk setting. The adventure was designed to introduce players to the Aztec-like Olman humans of the Amedio Jungle, a subject not covered in the folio edition. The Olman deities—largely drawn from Aztec culture—were Mictlantecuhtli, god of death, darkness, murder and the underworld; Tezcatlipoca, god of sun, moon, night, scheming, betrayals and lightning; and Quetzalcoatl, god of air, birds and snakes. However, Gygax did not acknowledge these deities in any of his work on Greyhawk, and TSR did not publish any further references or adventures using this setting, effectively "orphaning" the Olman culture. The Olman deities were not included in any versions of the Greyhawk campaign setting until they reappeared in 1999 in The Scarlet Brotherhood by Sean K. Reynolds and in 2005 in the extensive list of deities published for the Living Greyhawk campaign.
Lacking any Greyhawk-specific deities in the folio edition, many Dungeon Masters using the World of Greyhawk setting borrowed generic deities from the just-published rulebook Deities and Demigods for their Greyhawk campaigns. However, relief was in sight. In the August 1982 issue of Dragon (Issue 64), Gygax gave advice on how to adapt the 23 non-human deities from Deities and Demigods to the Greyhawk world, and he included a description of the first non-human deity designed specifically for Greyhawk, Raxivort (god of the goblin-like xvarts). A few months later, Gygax then published a long and very detailed five-part article in the November 1982 to March 1983 issues (Issues 67-71) of Dragon that outlined a pantheon of deities custom-made for worship by humans in the world of Greyhawk. In addition to his original Greyhawk deities, St. Cuthbert and Pholtus, Gygax added 17 more deities:
GoodNeutralEvilSt. Cuthbert (forthrightness)Celestian (stars)Hextor (war)Pholtus (resolution)Fharlanghn (travel)Iuz (oppression)Heironeous (chivalry)Istus (fate)Erythnul (slaughter)Ehlonna (forest)Obad-hai (nature)Incabulos (plague)Trithereon (liberty)Boccob (magic)Nerull (death)Zagyg (humour)Olidammara (music)Ralishaz (madness)Wastri (bigotry)
Gygax also used the hierarchy of deities as set out in the just-published Deities and Demigods rule book: greater god, lesser god, demi-god. (Later, he would add two ranks below demi-god: quasi-deity, and hero-deity.) Although later versions of the campaign setting would assign most of these deities to worship by specific races of humans, at this time they were generally worshipped by all humans of the Flanaess.
Greyhawk deities in the boxed set: Four human pantheons In 1983, the folio edition was replaced by the greatly expanded World of Greyhawk boxed set. Gygax was not only able to include the nineteen new gods from his previously published Dragon articles, he also included 31 new gods, for a total of 50 deities. However, although the material regarding the 19 original deities was reprinted in full, only three of the "new" deities were also given a full description: Raxivort (whose full description had been published in Dragon the previous year), Ulaa and Xan Yae. The remainder of the new deities were simply listed by name and sphere of influence.
All but one of these deities—Raxivort being the exception—was primarily a human deity. By his own admission, Gygax's vision of Greyhawk (and of D&D) was of a human-centred world.Gygax: "I do really think that unlimited demi-human races will absolutely obviate the humanocentric bases for a campaign world...unless the demi-humans are very few and far between. To have them as an integral part of the campaign world, one must have them limited in potential to something less than the dominant humans. As I wished to have include demi-humans commonly as PCs, NPCs, and in basically their own racial communities and state entities as well as amongst human societies, I limited their potential power so as to make human dominance a reasonable assumption for play." In Gygax's original Dragon articles, he had made no mention of racial preferences for any of the gods; now the boxed set introduced four main human races: Suel, Oeridian, Bakluni and Flannae, and assigned most of the deities to be primarily worshipped by one or other of these races. The twelve deities of the Suel pantheon had been created by Len Lakofka, and he would subsequently publish a detailed five-part article on them in the July–November 1984 issues (#87–92) of Dragon. Most of the other gods were assigned to one of the three remaining pantheons, while a few were either declared common to all humans or of unknown origin: Widely Worshipped BaklunishOeridianFlanSuelUnknown Blerred (mines, Neutral) Geshtai (rivers, Good) Atroa (spring, Good) Allitur (ethics, Good) Beltar (malice, Evil) Tharizdun (eternal darkness, Evil) Boccob (magic, Neutral) Istus (fate, Neutral) Celestian (stars, Neutral) Berei (family, Good) Bralm (industriousness, Good) Ulaa (hills, Good) Ehlonna (forests, Good) Xan Yae (shadows, Neutral) Delleb (reason, Good) Beory (Oerth Mother, Good) Fortubo (stone, Good) Wastri (bigotry, Evil) Incabulos (plague, Evil) Zuoken (physical & mental mastery, Neutral) Erythnul (slaughter, Evil) Iuz (oppression, Evil) Kord (athletics, Good) Joramy (volcanoes, Good) Fharlanghn (travel, Neutral) Nerull (death, Evil) Lendor (time, Neutral) Lirr (poetry, Good) Heironeous (chivalry, Good)Obad-hai (nature, Neutral) Llerg (beasts, Neutral) Myhriss (love, Good) Hextor (war, Evil)Pelor (sun, Good) Norebo (luck, Neutral) Olidammara (music, Neutral) Kurell (jealousy, Neutral) Rao (peace, Good) Phaulkon (air, Good) Ralishaz (madness, Evil) Pholtus (resolution, Good) Phyton (beauty, Good)St. Cuthbert (forthrightness, Good) Procan (oceans, Good) Pyremius (murder, Evil)Trithereon (liberty, Good) Rudd (luck, Neutral) Syrul (deceit, Evil) Zagyg (humour, Good) Sotillion (summer, Good) Xerbo (sea, Neutral) Telchur (winter, Neutral) Velnius (weather, Neutral) Wenta (autumn, Good) Zilchus (power, Neutral)
Additional deities In February–June 1982, a year before the release of the boxed set, Roger E. Moore had published five articles in Dragon (Issues 58–62) describing deities of the non-human races available to players (elves, dwarves, halflings, gnomes, half-orcs) suitable for any generic Dungeons & Dragons campaign. In Issue 71 (March 1983), Gygax indicated that these twenty-four deities were now "Greyhawk legal"; this increased the number of Greyhawk deities from 50 to 74.
In the March 1983 issue (Issue 71) was an article detailing four unique characters of Greyhawk. The first two "quasi-deities"—Heward and Keoghtom—had been created by Gygax as non-player characters (NPCs—characters designed to interact with players). The third, Murlynd, was a character that had been created by Gygax's childhood friend Don Kaye before Kaye's untimely death in 1975. The fourth, a "hero-deity" named Kelanen, was developed to illustrate the "principle of advancement of power".
Heward, Keoghtom, and Murlynd were classified by Gygax as "quasi-deities," defined as "characters who have risen above the status of heroes, but who are not quite demi-gods." Other quasi-deities mentioned, but not detailed, included Daern, Johydee, Nolzur, Quall, and Tuerny. Kelanen was called a "Hero-Deity," defined as "one of the very powerful individuals who might, or might not, be a true deity."
With a few additions or deletions in subsequent versions of the campaign setting, the 50 human gods in the boxed set and most of Moore's non-human gods would form the core of Greyhawk deities for the next 22 years. However, Gygax's four quasi-deities would not be mentioned in any official Greyhawk material until 1998.
Greyhawk rises "From the Ashes"