Footfalls is a play by Samuel Beckett. It was written in English, between 2 March and December 1975 and was first performed at the Royal Court Theatre as part of the Samuel Beckett Festival, on May 20, 1976 directed by Beckett himself. Billie Whitelaw, for whom the piece had been written, played May whilst Rose Hill voiced the mother.
Synopsis The play is in four parts. Each opens with the sound of a bell. After this the lights fade up to reveal an illuminated strip along which a woman, May, paces back and forth, nine steps within a one-metre stretch. In each part, the light will be somewhat darker than in the preceding one. Therefore, it is darkest when the strip is lit up without May at the very end. Correspondingly, the bell gets slightly softer each time. Beckett introduced a "Dim spot on face during halts at R [right] and L [left]" so that May's face would be visible during her monologues.Ackerley, C. J. and Gontarski, S. E., (Eds.) The Faber Companion to Samuel Beckett, (London: Faber and Faber, 2006), p 202
The play has a very musical structure and timing is critical. "The walking should be like a metronome", Beckett instructed, "one length must be measured in exactly nine seconds."Asmus, W. D., Practical aspects of theatre, radio and television, Rehearsal notes for the German premiere of Beckett's That Time and Footfalls at the Schiller-Theater Werkstatt, Berlin, (1.9.76) Journal of Beckett Studies, No 2, Summer 1977 "These 'life-long stretches of walking,' he told his German May, Hildegard Schmahl, are 'the centre of the play; everything else is secondary'."
To ensure that every step could be heard "sandpaper was attached to the soles of [Billie] Whitelaw's soft ballet slippers"Knowlson, J., Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett (London: Bloomsbury, 1996), p 624 during the London premiere.
As she covers the nine paces (seven in earlier printed texts) she hugs herself, the arms crossed, with the hands clasping the shoulders in front. 'When you walk, you slump together, when you speak, you straighten up a bit.' Schmahl asked Beckett if May's posture was supposed to express fear? "No, not fear. It expresses that May is there exclusively for herself. She is isolated."
One of a long line of Beckett protagonists whose name begins with an M, May is a woman in her forties (who should however appear "ageless" according to Beckett). She paces back and forth on a strip of bare landing outside her dying – if not already dead – mother's room (a vertical ray of light not in the printed text suggests a door barely ajar).
The woman, clearly a shadow of her former self, wears tattered nightwear and has a ghostly pallor. Beckett said: "One could go very far towards making the costume quite unrealistic, unreal. It could, however, also be an old dressing-gown, worked like a cobweb … It is the costume of a ghost." "You feel cold. The whole time, in the way you hold your body too. Everything is frost and night." The adjective 'ghostly' is used frequently – by Beckett himself and others – to describe various aspects of Footfalls.
The play – significantly – only has a semblance of a plot.
May's mother is only ever heard. We learn that she is apparently ninety years old and in poor health. The more likely truth is that she is a creation of May's mind, especially when one examines Beckett's earlier drafts.
Part I As she paces, May and her mother carry on a conversation. They go through the daily routine by rote. Both voices are low and slow throughout. May asks her mother if she requires tending in any way. To each request the mother says: "Yes, but it is too soon."Beckett, S., Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), Faber and Faber, p 240 The full list of comforts offered to the suffering mother carry a biblical resonance: dressings, sponge, lip-moistening and prayer. The suffering daughter, on the other hand, paces on the bare floorboards nailed as in a cross; in the church later 'she' paces across the arms of the cross.
May asks her mother what age she is. She's told that she is in her "forties" but only after May has first let her mother know that she is ninety.
The mother asks May: "Will you never have done … revolving it all … In your poor mind?"Beckett, S., Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 240 The pacing back and forth is an externalisation of this inner unresolved issue. "It All" was a title Beckett was considering before he opted for Footfalls though we never discover what "it" might be. May may or may not be a ghost but she is undoubtedly a haunted individual; the umbilical cord has clearly never been severed.
"M (May) and V (Voice) create a dialogue which is simultaneously time present and time past, for, although the mother's voice is an echo from the past, May is speaking to her in the endless present dramatized before our eyes. Quite literally in Footfalls, the past is in the present."Brater, E., "Fragment and Beckett's form in That Time and Footfalls" in Journal of Beckett Studies, No 2, Summer 1977 Simply put: they are 'living' in the past.
Part II In the second part, the mother's voice addresses the audience directly. She tells us that she too is watching her daughter along with us literally through the corridor wall. We learn that the turning point in May's life, the "it" happened in girlhood: "when other girls her age were out at … lacrosse"Beckett, S., Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 241 she had already begun her obsessive pacing. From that time on significantly she has not ventured outside.
In the beginning the hall had been carpeted but May had asked her mother to have it taken up. When questioned the child had said because she needed to "hear the feet, however faint they fall"; "the "motion alone is not enough". The apparition in the story in Part III on the other hand makes "No sound. [Pause] None at least to be heard."Beckett, S., Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 242
In an earlier draft the voice tells the audience: "My voice is in her mind"Mercier, V., Beckett/Beckett (London: Souvenir Press, 1990), p 233 suggestive of the fact that the mother actually is only a figment of May's imaginings. This is borne out by the fact that voice tells the story of a girl who "called her mother"," instead of simply talking about a girl who "called me." This is the kind of slip May might make if she was narrating the mother's part herself.
We also learn how May sleeps, "in snatches" with her head bowed against the wall which is reminiscent of Mary in Watt (novel).Beckett, S., Watt (London: John Calder 1998), p 53
"Beckett explains [why] the mother interrupts herself in the sentence 'In the old home, the same where she—(pause)' and then continues 'The same where she began. She was going to say: ... the same where she was born. But that is wrong, she hasn't been born. She just began. It began. There is a difference. She was never born.' There is the connection with the Jung story [detailed below]. A life, which didn't begin as a life, but which was just there, as a thing".
Part III In Part II the mother speaks of the daughter, in the third part, the daughter of the mother, in a way that is exactly parallel. 'One must sense the similarities of both narratives,' explained Beckett, 'Not so much from the text as from the style, from the way that the text is spoken.'
In a manner similar to Mouth in Not I, "the shift into third person narrative and the indefinite pronoun work both to objectify the text, making it into a separate entity that seems disconnected from personal history. In that sense the recitation becomes a verbal structure repeated in consciousness rather than a sequence of memories in spontaneous association."Lyons, C. R., Samuel Beckett, MacMillan Modern Dramatists (London: MacMillan Education, 1983), p 168 This part can be subdivided into four sections.
After each section May halts for a time and then resumes pacing.
Sequel This part opens with May uttering the word, "Sequel" twice, which Beckett asked to be pronounced as "Seek well" – another pun – since she is seeking for herself.Asmus, W. D., 'Practical Aspects of Theater, Radio and Television: Rehearsal Notes,' trans. Helen Watanabe in Journal of Beckett Studies 2 (Summer, 1977), p 85
May begins to tell a story in which an undefined 'she', probably herself, has taken to haunting the local Anglican church, which she enters through a locked door; there 'she' walks 'up and down, up and down, his poor arm'" "Literally she is walking along the 'arms' of a cross-shaped church."Brienza, S. D., 'Perilous Journey's on Beckett's Stages' in Burkman, K. H., (Ed.) Myth and Ritual in the Plays of Samuel Beckett (London and Toronto: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1987), p 33
The Semblance The description of the spectre is similar to how the audience sees May: "a tangle of tatters" and her pacing is comparable except that the ghost paces along the crossbeam whereas May paces the length of the stage.
A residual haunting is where the entity does not seem to be cognizant of any living beings and performs the same repetitive act. It often is the reenactment of a tragic event, although it may sometimes be a very mundane act that was repeated often in life. It is generally not considered an actual ghost but some form of energy that remains in a particular location. The ghost goes about their business oblivious to the world of the living – what Beckett meant by the expression "being for herself," Night by night ghosts pace their prescribed path offering no explanation to the viewers as to why they re-enact the same scene over and over. The answers – or at least best guesses – have to come from research done by the living in the real world.
The apparition is "by no means invisible" and can be seen "in a certain light." It brings to mind the quote Beckett prefaced Film with: "Esse est percipi":Beckett, S., Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 163 a Latin dictum meaning "to be is to be perceived."
Additionally, a ghost does not have to be dead; the word can be defined as: "a mere shadow or semblance; a trace: He's a ghost of his former self."
Amy and Mrs Winter May makes up a story about a woman, Amy (an anagram of May) and her mother, a Mrs Winter. Although he knew a Mrs Winter in real life the name would have been chosen to reflect the coldness of "his own 'winter's tale', just as he changed the 'south door' of the church in the manuscript to the 'north door' at a late stage for the same reason."Knowlson, J., Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett (London: Bloomsbury, 1996), p 615
The name Amy is another pun: "A me."
Mrs Winter has become aware of something strange "at Evensong" and questions her daughter about it while at supper. She asks if Amy had seen anything strange during the service but the daughter insists she did not because she "was not there" a point her mother takes issue with because she is convinced that she heard her distinctly say "Amen."Beckett, S., Collected Shorter Plays of Samuel Beckett (London: Faber and Faber, 1984), p 243 This is not a dramatisation of the event that traumatised May however as that happened in girlhood and Amy is described in the text as "scarcely a girl any more."