Provoost is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jan Provoost (1465–1529), Flemish painter Samuel Provoost (1742–1815), third Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA Anne Provoost (born 1964), Belgian author William Provoost (aka 'Guilliame Provoost') (fl. 1556–1607), Protestant in Antwerp who fled religious persecution and his descendants settled in New Amsterdam (now New York) in the early 1600s