The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 5 to 31 July. It was composed of 21 stages over .The race was won by Italian cyclist Gino Bartali, who also won the mountains classification.

Innovations and changes The bonification system was reduced compared to 1937: the winner of a stage now only received one minute bonification time, added by the margin to the second arriving cyclist, with a maximum of 75 seconds. The cyclists who reached a mountain top that counted towards the mountains classification first, now received only one minute bonification time.

The team trial stages, where the teams departed 15 minutes separately, were removed from the race. They would later return in the 1954 Tour de France, in a different form. Instead, the 1938 Tour de France featured two individual time trials.

In previous years, some cyclists were in teams and other rode individually. In 1937, there had been problems with individual cyclists being accused of helping other cyclists, culminating in the Belgian cyclists leaving the Tour. To avoid these problems, the categories for individual cyclists were removed for the 1938 Tour de France, and the race was contested by national teams. But because there were many French cyclists that did not fit into the national team, there were two extra French teams, the Bleuets and Cadets. The Bleuets was a kind of French "B"-team, while the Cadets consisted of young French promises.

Teams

The big cycling nations in 1938, Belgium, Italy, Germany and France, each sent a team of 12 cyclists. Other countries, Spain, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands, sent smaller teams of six cyclists each. The French had two extra teams of 12 cyclists, the Cadets and Bleuets.

The three most powerful teams were the Belgian, the French and the Italian national team. The Italian team was led by Bartali, who had been close to winning the Tour de France in 1937 until he crashed. The Italian cycling federation had requested him to skip the 1938 Giro d'Italia so he could focus on the Tour de France.

The teams entering the race were:

Belgium Italy Germany France Spain Switzerland Netherlands Luxembourg France Cadets France Bleuets

Route and stages

The highest point of elevation in the race was at the summit of the Col de l'Iseran mountain pass on stage 15.

+ Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner 15 JulyParis to Caen Plain stage 26 JulyCaen to Saint-Brieuc Plain stage 37 July Saint-Brieuc to Nantes Plain stage 4a8 July Nantes to La Roche-sur-Yon Plain stage 4b La Roche-sur-Yon to La Rochelle Plain stage 4c La Rochelle to Royan Plain stage 9 July Royan Rest day 510 July Royan to Bordeaux Plain stage 6a11 July Bordeaux to Arcachon Plain stage 6b Arcachon to Bayonne Plain stage 712 July Bayonne to Pau Plain stage 13 July Pau Rest day 814 July Pau to Luchon Stage with mountain(s) 15 July Luchon Rest day 916 July Luchon to Perpignan Stage with mountain(s) 10a17 July Perpignan to Narbonne Plain stage 10b Narbonne to Béziers Individual time trial 10c Béziers to Montpellier Plain stage 1118 July Montpellier to Marseille Plain stage 1219 July Marseille to Cannes Plain stage 20 July Cannes Rest day 1321 July Cannes to Digne Stage with mountain(s) 1422 July Digne to Briançon Stage with mountain(s) 1523 July Briançon to Aix-les-Bains Stage with mountain(s) 24 July Aix-les-Bains Rest day 1625 July Aix-les-Bains to Besançon Stage with mountain(s) 17a26 July Besançon to Belfort Plain stage 17b Belfort to Strasbourg Plain stage 1827 July Strasbourg to Metz Plain stage 1928 July Metz to Reims Plain stage 28 July Reims Rest day 20a30 July Reims to Laon Plain stage 20b Laon to Saint-Quentin Individual time trial 20c Saint-Quentin to Lille Plain stage 2131 July Lille to Paris Plain stage Total

Race overview

Before the Pyrenees, all the favourites remained calm. André Leducq did not lose much time in the first stages, and when he got in a breakaway in the second part of the sixth stage, he took over the lead from Jean Majerus. In the eighth stage, Gino Bartali attacked, and dropped everybody. On the descent of the Col d'Aspin, his wheel collapsed, and Félicien Vervaecke and Ward Vissers overtook him. Bartali came back to finish in third place, but Vervaecke took the lead in the general classification. In that stage, former winner Georges Speicher was caught holding on to a car, and was removed from the race.

After that stage, Bartali was in second place in the general classification. He won some time on Vervaecke because of bonifications for reaching the tops of the Portet d'Aspet and the Braus first and winning the 11th stage, but lost some time in the individual time trial in stage 10b.

In the fourteenth stage, Bartali attacked again, and gained 17 minutes on Vervaecke and 20 on Vissers. Bartali was now leader of the race. Before the next stage, Bartali felt poorly. His team director, Costante Girardengo, told him not to force himself. Bartali let the others get away on the first mountains, but during the descent of the Iseran, Bartali went as fast as he could, and caught up with and overtook the group. During that stage, Mathias Clemens, who started the stage in second place, lost a lot of time, so Vervaecke was back in second place, 20 minutes behind Bartali.

For the rest of the race, Bartali defended his lead with ease. Vervaecke won back some time in the last individual time trial, but that was not enough to endanger Bartali's lead.

In the last stage, Antonin Magne (winner of the Tour de France in 1931 and 1934) and André Leducq (winner of the Tour de France in 1930 and 1932) escaped together, and crossed the finish line together. The Tour jury declared them both winner. This was Leducq's 25th and final stage victory. For both cyclists it was also the last stage they ever rode in the Tour de France.

Classification leadership and minor prizes

The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.

For the mountains classification, 12 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. The Iseran was included for the first time in 1938. On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point. The mountains classification in 1938 was won by Gino Bartali. Bartali was the first cyclist to win the general classification and the mountains classification of the Tour de France in the same year.

The team classification was calculated in 1938 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. In 1938, there were eight teams of twelve cyclists. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France had a team, Luxembourg and Switzerland both supplied six cyclists for a combined team, as did Spain and the Netherlands, and there were two extra French teams, the bleuets and the cadets. The bleuets were also described as "France B", and the cadets as "France C".

+Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Mountains classification Team classification 1 Willi Oberbeck Willi Oberbeck no award Germany 2 Jean Majerus Jean Majerus France 3 Gerrit Schulte 4a Éloi Meulenberg 4b Éloi Meulenberg 4c Félicien Vervaecke 5 Éloi Meulenberg 6a Jules Rossi 6b Glauco Servadei André Leducq 7 Theo Middelkamp 8 Félicien Vervaecke Félicien Vervaecke Gino Bartali Belgium 9 Jean Fréchaut 10a Antoon van Schendel 10b Félicien Vervaecke 10c Antonin Magne 11 Gino Bartali 12 Jean Fréchaut 13 Dante Gianello 14 Gino Bartali Gino Bartali 15 Marcel Kint 16 Marcel Kint 17a Émile Masson Jr. 17b Jean Fréchaut 18 Marcel Kint 19 Fabien Galateau 20a Glauco Servadei 20b Félicien Vervaecke 20c François Neuville 21 Antonin MagneAndré Leducq FinalGino Bartali Gino Bartali Belgium

Final standings

General classification

+ Final general classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time1 Italy 148h 29' 12"2 Belgium + 18' 27"3 France + 29' 26"4 Belgium + 35' 08"5 Luxembourg + 42' 08"6 Italy + 44' 59"7 Belgium + 48' 56"8 France + 49' 00"9 Belgium + 59' 49"10 Bleuets + 1h 06' 47" Final general classification (11–55) Rank Rider Team Time 11 France + 1h 07' 34" 12 Belgium + 1h 12' 16" 13 Cadets + 1h 13' 54" 14 Belgium + 1h 21' 11" 15 France + 1h 24' 34" 16 Spain + 1h 26' 48" 17 Belgium + 1h 35' 43" 18 France + 1h 37' 24" 19 Spain + 1h 37' 40" 20 Italy + 1h 41' 38" 21 Germany + 1h 42' 27" 22 Cadets + 1h 47' 19" 23 Cadets + 1h 49' 49" 24 Cadets + 1h 50' 04" 25 Italy + 1h 50' 08" 26 Cadets + 1h 50' 21" 27 Italy + 1h 52' 31" 28 Cadets + 1h 52' 43" 29 Spain + 1h 53' 31" 30 Cadets + 1h 53' 42" 31 Switzerland + 2h 00' 06" 32 Luxembourg + 2h 03' 16" 33 Italy + 2h 07' 07" 34 Belgium + 2h 13' 39" 35 Bleuets + 2h 18' 00" 36 Bleuets + 2h 22' 33" 37 Luxembourg + 2h 23' 10" 38 Italy + 2h 24' 35" 39 Belgium + 2h 26' 28" 40 Bleuets + 2h 29' 34" 41 Cadets + 2h 43' 41" 42 Bleuets + 3h 02' 15" 43 Netherlands + 3h 02' 45" 44 France + 3h 05' 40" 45 Germany + 3h 15' 14" 46 Italy + 3h 18' 59" 47 Cadets + 3h 20' 52" 48 Italy + 3h 20' 55" 49 Luxembourg + 3h 22' 02" 50 Netherlands + 3h 32' 24" 51 Belgium + 3h 40' 43" 52 Germany + 3h 50' 46" 53 Germany + 3h 52' 57" 54 Italy + 4h 18' 17" 55 Netherlands + 5h 02' 34"

Mountains classification

+ Mountains in the mountains classificationStage RiderHeightMountain range Winner 8AubisquePyreneesGino Bartali 8TourmaletPyreneesGino Bartali 8AspinPyreneesGino Bartali 8PeyresourdePyreneesFélicien Vervaecke 9Portet d'AspetPyreneesGino Bartali 13BrausAlps-MaritimesGino Bartali 14AllosAlpsGino Bartali 14VarsAlpsGino Bartali 14IzoardAlpsGino Bartali 15GalibierAlpsMario Vicini 15IseranAlpsFélicien Vervaecke 16FaucilleAlpsGino Bartali

+ Final mountains classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Points1 Italy 1072 Belgium 793 Belgium 764 Bleuets 575 France 556 Italy 296 Spain 298 Belgium 289 Italy 2510 France 23

Team classification

+ Final team classification (1–8) Rank Team Time1 Belgium 447h 10' 07"2 France + 43' 29"3 Italy + 44' 06"4 Luxembourg/Switzerland + 3h 02' 29"5 Cadets + 3h 11' 31"6 Spain/Netherlands + 3h 15' 29"7 Bleuets + 4h 04' 49"8 Germany + 7h 05' 57"

Aftermath

Because of the political tensions in Europe before the Second World War, Italy did not send a team to the 1939 Tour de France, so Bartali was unable to defend his title. After the war, the Tour de France resumed in 1947. In 1948, Bartali won his second Tour, becoming the first and so far only cyclist to win editions of the Tour de France ten years apart.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links