Anapidae is a family of rather small spiders with 233 described extant species in 59 genera. It includes the former family Micropholcommatidae as the subfamily Micropholcommatinae, and the former family Holarchaeidae. Most species are less than long.
They generally live in leaf litter and moss on the floor of rain forest. Many build orb webs with a diameter less than . In some species, such as Pseudanapis parocula, the pedipalps of the female are reduced to coxal stumps.
Description
Spiders of this family are very small, usually less than two millimeters long, and lack a cribellum. They can have zero, six or eight eyes, the rear median eyes either reduced or missing. One species: 'Epigastrina typhlops' (Rix & Harvey, 2010) has no eyes, an adaption to life underground. In some genera the carapace is modified so that the eyes are raised higher than usual. Color can range from reddish brown, yellowish brown to pale, pigment reduced, creams. Generally both margins of chelicerae have teeth, one exception being 'Acrobleps hygrophilus' who lacks retromarginal teeth. The legs are short and spineless, though there are some with reduced spination such as the genus: 'Teutoniella' or with only one or two long spines such as 'Borneanapis'). The labium has a spur that extends between the chelicerae and can be seen when the chelicerae are spread.
Distribution Anapidae are found worldwide, particularly in South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Few genera occur in North America or Europe. Only Comaroma simoni and the three species of Zangherella are found in Europe; Gertschanapis shantzi and Comaroma mendocino are found in the United States.
Systematics
The family Micropholcommatidae was synonymized with this family by Schütt in 2003 and by Lopa et al. in 2011, a change that has been accepted by the World Spider Catalog. Similarly, the family Holarchaeidae was synonymized by Dimitrov et al. in 2017, and likewise accepted by the World Spider Catalog.
Genera , this family includes 59 genera and 233 species:
Acrobleps Hickman, 1979 – Tasmania Algidiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – New Zealand (Auckland Islands) Anapis Simon, 1895 – Central America, South America Anapisona Gertsch, 1941 – Central America, South America Austropholcomma Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Western Australia, Tasmania Borneanapis Snazell, 2009 – Borneo Caledanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – New Caledonia Chasmocephalon O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Australia Comaroma Bertkau, 1889 – China, Europe, Japan, Korea, United States Conculus Kishida, 1940 – Asia Crassanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Argentina, Chile Crozetulus Hickman, 1939 – Crozet Islands, Southern Africa Dippenaaria Wunderlich, 1995 – South Africa Elanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Chile Enielkenie Ono, 2007 – Taiwan Eperiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Tasmania, Chile Epigastrina Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Tasmania Eterosonycha Butler, 1932 – Australia Forsteriola Brignoli, 1981 – Central Africa Gaiziapis Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009 – China Gertschanapis Platnick & Forster, 1990 – United States Gigiella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Australia, Chile Guiniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – New Guinea Hickmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Tasmania Holarchaea Forster, 1955 – Tasmania, New Zealand Mandanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – New Caledonia Maxanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Australia Metanapis Brignoli, 1981 – Kenya, South Africa, Congo, Nepal Micropholcomma Crosby & Bishop, 1927 – Australia Minanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Argentina, Chile, China Montanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – New Caledonia Normplatnicka Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Australia, Chile Nortanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Australia (Queensland) Novanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – New Zealand Octanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Australia Olgania Hickman, 1979 – Australia (Tasmania) Paranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – New Zealand Patelliella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Lord Howe Island Pecanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Chile Plectochetos Butler, 1932 – Australia Pseudanapis Simon, 1905 – Asia, Oceania, Central America, South America. Introduced to Europe, Mauritius, Réunion Pua Forster, 1959 – New Zealand Queenslanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Australia (Queensland) Raveniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Australia Rayforstia Rix & Harvey, 2010 – Australia, New Zealand Risdonius Hickman, 1939 – Australia Sheranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Chile Sinanapis Wunderlich & Song, 1995 – Southeast Asia Sofanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Chile Spinanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Australia (Queensland) Taliniella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – New Zealand Taphiassa Simon, 1880 – Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka Tasmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Tasmania Teutoniella Brignoli, 1981 – Brazil, Chile Tinytrella Rix & Harvey, 2010 – New Zealand Tricellina Forster & Platnick, 1989 – Chile Victanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – Australia (Victoria) Zangherella Caporiacco, 1949 – Southern Europe, Tunisia Zealanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 – New Zealand
There are also genera only known as fossils, typically in Baltic amber:
References
External links