Operación Puerto (Operation Mountain Pass)Inside the Blood Doping Investigation, Der Spiegel, 10 July 2006 is the code name of a still unfinished Spanish Police operation against the pro sports doping network of Doctor Eufemiano Fuentes. It started in May 2006, which resulted in a scandal that involved several of the world's most famous cyclists and teams at the time.
Media attention has focused on the small number of professional road cyclists named; however, sports people from other disciplines including football and tennis have also been connected with the scandal, although they were not officially indicted.Fuentes: "Me indigna la filtración selectiva", El País, 5 July 2006 Among the total number of athletes, fifteen had been acquitted by May 2007, while three had admitted doping or evidence of blood doping was found.
Timeline
Revelations by Jesús Manzano
In March 2004 in an interview with the Spanish newspaper Diario AS, Jesús Manzano exposed systematic doping in his former cycling team, Kelme. He detailed blood doping as well as the performance-enhancing drugs he used while on the team. The investigation and the allegations he made led to questioning of several members of the team in April 2004. These included Eufemiano Fuentes who was the Kelme team doctor, Walter Virú the doctor before Fuentes, and Alfredo Córdova who was working for but involved with Kelme in 2003. An investigation began into the practices of Fuentes in early 2006 by the anti-drug trafficking arm of the Spanish Guardia Civil.
Police action
On 23 May 2006, Guardia Civil arrested the directeur sportif of the team, Manolo Saiz, and four others including Fuentes, accused of doping practices with riders.Jeff Jones, Saiz arrested on doping charges, CyclingNews, 23 May 2006 Spanish police raided residences. In one, belonging to Fuentes, they found a thousand doses of anabolic steroids, 100 packets of blood products, and machines to manipulate and transfuse them.Les Clarke, Spanish cycling speaks out over Saiz, CyclingNews, 24 May 2006 The Guardia Civil found a list naming other cyclists involved. Liberty Seguros withdrew their sponsorship, which left Würth as sole sponsor.Anthony Tan, Hernan Alvarez, Liberty Seguros terminate contract, CyclingNews, 25 May 2006
Suspensions
As more names leaked to the press, asked riders to sign a statement that they had never worked with Fuentes,Anthony Tan, Susan Westemeyer, All T-Mobile riders must deny involvement, CyclingNews, 31 May 2006 while the team suspended Santiago Botero and José Enrique Gutiérrez, who had finished second in the 2006 Giro d'Italia.Jeff Jones, Phonak sidelines Botero and Gutierrez, CyclingNews, 2 June 2006 Tour de France organisers ASO considered withdrawing invitations to and Comunidad Valenciana.Jeff Jones, Astana-Würth out of Tour?, CyclingNews, 26 June 2006 On 1 June, the director of Valenciana, José Ignacio Labarta, resigned.Anthony Tan Comunidad Valenciana DS resigns, CyclingNews, 1 June 2006
Würth found a new sponsor, five Kazakh companies united under the name of the capital, Astana, and became Astana-Würth.Jeff Jones, Sáiz's team becomes Astana-Würth, CyclingNews, 3 June 2006 ASO withdrew Comunitat Valenciana's invitation, moving riders to send blood samples to be analysed to prove their innocence.Antonio J. Salmerón, Comunidad Valenciana's Tour invite withdrawn, CyclingNews, 13 June 2006 The Vuelta a España considered expelling the team.Andrew Hood, Vuelta dis-invites Comunidad Valenciana , VeloNews, 27 July 2006
After El País published details of Operación Puerto, Spanish riders boycotted the Spanish National Road Race Championships, which was cancelled after 500 metres.Hedwig Kröner, Antonio J. Salmerón, Spanish media uncover Operación Puerto investigation details, Spanish championships not ridden after rider protest, CyclingNews, 26 June 2006 ASO wrote asking Astana-Würth not to take part in the Tour de France, which the team ignored. Jan Ullrich, linked to Fuentes by the newspaper, threatened to sue El País.
The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) said Astana-Würth were to be accepted in the Tour. The Spanish authorities lifted the secret of summary two days before the start of the 2006 Tour, formally involving all 56 riders found in Fuentes' lists.
Because Ullrich and Óscar Sevilla were in the lists, T-Mobile suspended them.Jeff Jones, Ullrich, Sevilla and Pevenage suspended, The list gets longer, CyclingNews, 30 June 2006 The example was followed by Ivan Basso's Team CSC and Francisco Mancebo's AG2R Prévoyance. ASO demanded all riders involved be withdrawn by their teams, even though Astana-Würth had received the support of the CAS.
The day before the Tour, Astana-Würth yielded to pressure. Five of their riders had been excluded by ASO for involvement in the scandal, leaving only four of the six riders required. Francisco Mancebo, fourth the previous year and involved in the case, ended his career, according to his directeur sportif Vincent Lavenu. As a result, none of the riders who finished in the top 5 of the 2005 Tour de France started in the 2006 edition.
On 3 July, Würth also withdrew sponsorship of the team. They had planned sponsorship only if it were not excluded from a race.
Six days later, T-Mobile fired Rudy Pevenage, directeur sportif, because he was also involved. On 21 July, the team suspended Ullrich and Sevilla, effectively sacking them. On the same day, Spanish cycling newspaper Meta2Mil listed codenames used by Fuentes which had not been deciphered by police.
Additional leaks
In November 2006, El Mundo claimed that an anti-doping laboratory in Barcelona which analyzed 99 bags of blood plasma seized in Operación Puerto found "high levels of erythropoietin (EPO)". This suggested athletes working with Fuentes had been boosting their performance in ways other than blood doping. El Mundo suggested those implicated had delegated their cheating to Fuentes, and would not have been able to control the level of EPO they were taking.
After studying the Barcelona lab's report, El Mundo described Fuentes's program as: riders would visit Fuentes a few weeks before a race and have blood removed. Fuentes would run the blood through a centrifuge, separating the blood plasma from the red blood cells. The cells would be re-injected shortly before competition, boosting resistance to fatigue. If haematocrit levels (volume of red blood cells) got dangerously high, they would re-inject plasma as well, enhanced with EPO, to dilute the red blood cells and avoid detection.
The Barcelona lab did not identify any athlete responsible for any of the 99 tested bags of blood.Associated Press, EPO found in bags of blood seized in doping investigation, International Herald Tribune, November 24, 2006
Legal repercussions
On 26 July 2006, five Astana riders were cleared by Spanish courts. The five – Joseba Beloki, Isidro Nozal, Sérgio Paulinho, Allan Davis and Alberto Contador – received a document clearing them of links to Operación Puerto, the Spanish newspaper El Diario Vasco reported.Andrew Hood, Astana 5' cleared by Spanish courts , VeloNews, 26 July 2006
On 8 October, the Madrid court in charge of the case told the Spanish cycling federation, the Real Federación Española de Ciclismo (RFEC), that court documents could not be used in the federation's investigations.Laura Weislo, Susan Westemeyer, Puerto court orders Spanish federation not to act, CyclingNews, 8 October 2006
On 13 October, Ivan Basso was cleared by Italian authorities due to lack of evidence. Ullrich was cleared by the Spanish courts on 25 October. The judge ruled that Ullrich and Basso were put under investigation without proof of involvement.Mark Kreidler, Ullrich may be free, but damage is done, ESPN.com, 27 October 2006
On 28 October, the RFEC closed disciplinary files against cyclists in the investigation. However, the RFEC will initiate disciplinary investigations on Manolo Sáiz.Laura Weislo, Spanish federation drops Operación Puerto cases, CyclingNews, 28 October 2006 UCI president Pat McQuaid was reported to feel let down by authorities in Spain. He hoped teams would require cyclists to submit DNA samples to clear their names.Agence France-Presse, McQuaid frustrated by Puerto investigation , VeloNews, 28 October 2006 The investigations into Spanish riders were suspended.Provisoirement classée, L'Équipe, 26 October 2006 On 7 March 2007, the case was dropped through lack of evidence of crime.Puerto inquiry dropped, Spanish papers report Velonews.com, March 7, 2007
Admissions and evidence of doping
On 3 April 2007, the German news agency sid said nine bags of blood marked Jan, number 1 or Hijo Rudicio (Son of Rudy) matched Jan Ullrich's saliva DNA.Puerto blood confirmed to be Ullrich's, CyclingNews, 4 April 2007 On 7 May, Basso admitted involvement with the scandal to the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI). On 9 May, Michele Scarponi admitted he was Zapatero in Fuentes' files. And on 30 June, Jörg Jaksche admitted he was Bella.Nesha Starcevic, German rider Joerg Jaksche admits blood doping from Spanish doctor, International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2007
Trial
In January 2013, the Operacion Puerto trial went underway, and Eufemiano Fuentes offered to reveal the names of all the athletes who were his clients. Julia Santamaria, the judge presiding the trial, told Fuentes that he was not under obligations to name any athlete other than the cyclists implicated. Fuentes stated that he supplied athletes in other sports with drugs and said: "I could identify all the samples [of blood]. If you give me a list I could tell you who corresponds to each code on the [blood] packs."
On the 30 April 2013 Fuentes was found guilty and given a one-year suspended prison sentence. The judge also ruled on a request to hand over blood bags to the Spanish Anti-Doping Agency. The judge ordered the blood bags destroyed, but the anti-doping agency has appealed. Additional appeals were filed by the Union Cycliste Internationale, the Italian National Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency, as well as by the prosecution. On 14 June 2016, the original verdict against Fuentes was overruled and he was cleared of all charges. However, 211 blood bags from his laboratory are set to be handed over to anti-doping authorities for investigation.
List of athletes named
According to the Guardia Civil,Dopage - La liste des coureurs cités , L'Équipe, 30 June 2006Von Basso bis Ullrich, Spiegel, June 30, 2006 the following athletes have been named.
Cyclists
Teams
Astana–Würth Alberto Contador – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006). Allan Davis – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006), investigation closed by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (14 December).Davis case closed , Cycling Australia, 18 December 2006. Joseba Beloki – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006). David Etxebarría Isidro Nozal – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006). Unai Osa Sérgio Paulinho – removed from the case by Spanish courts (26 July 2006). Michele Scarponi – admitted he is Zapatero in Fuentes' files. Scarponi was suspended on 16 May 2007. Marcos Serrano Ángel Vicioso
Comunidad Valenciana Vicente Ballester – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).Antonio J. Salmerón, Comunidad Valenciana riders get all clear, CyclingNews, 30 July 2006 David Bernabeu – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006). David Blanco – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006). José Adrián Bonilla – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006). Juan Gomis – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006). Eladio Jiménez – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006). David Latasa – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006). Javier Pascual Rodríguez – removed from the case by Spanish courts (28 July 2006).