Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993, the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:
Consequently, all member states have direct elections, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "free" or "partly free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime. As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.
Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria. Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia.
Monarchism and republicanism
At present, there are twelve monarchies in Europe, of which six are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and six are not: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, the United Kingdom and the Vatican City. All six monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies. In all six monarchies that are in the EU, the monarch is legally not vested with political power, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. In Belgium, the monarchy enjoys a lower degree of support than in other European monarchies, and is often questioned. Popular support for the monarchy has historically been higher in Flanders and lower in Wallonia; however, in recent decades these roles have reversed.
Form of government
There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.
By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and five are semi-presidential republics (France, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal and Romania). These five (semi-)presidential republics elect their president by direct popular vote. Among the fifteen parliamentary republics, eight do the same (namely Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Slovakia and Slovenia), whereas in the remaining seven (Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Malta), the president is elected by parliament or other special representative body such as the German Bundesversammlung.
Degree of self-governance
Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both): federacies: in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous (and neither is part of the European Union); in Finland, Åland has substantial autonomy; in France, the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia (which is not part of the European Union) has a large degree of autonomy; in the Netherlands, the Caribbean island groups of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; devolved states: in Italy, the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions, of which five have a very large degree of autonomy, namely Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, and Sicily; in Spain, the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities, namely Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia.
Parliamentary chambers
A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature; unicameral systems with one chamber or bicameral ones with a lower house and an upper house. Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral, to reflect the regions' interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral.
While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. Additionally, there are also differences in the degree of bicameralism. Whereas Italy is considered as having "perfect bicameralism", with both chambers being equal, most other bicameral systems restrict the upper house's powers to a certain extent. There is a slight trend towards unicameralism; some upper houses have seen their powers reduced or proposals to that end. Belgium's system has been reduced from a perfectly bicameral one to a nowadays de facto unicameral system. In 2009, Romania voted in favour of unicameralism, on a plebiscite, however the country still has a bicameral system, as of . On the other hand, Ireland narrowly voted against abolishing their upper house in 2013, and Italy voted not to reduce its Senate's powers in 2016.
In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia).
Listed by form of government State Government Self-governance Monarchy/Republic Head of state Head of government parliamentary unitary republic President (Президент) Minister-Chairman (Министър-председател) President of the Republic (Predsjednik Republike) President of the Government (Predsjednik Vlade) President (Prezident) Chairman of the Government (Předseda vlády) President (President) Head Minister (Peaminister) President (Πρόεδρος) Prime Minister / President of the Government (Πρωθυπουργός / Πρόεδρος της Κυβερνήσεως) President of the Republic (Köztársasági Elnök) Minister-President (Miniszterelnök) President (Uachtarán) Leader (Taoiseach) President (Prezidents) Minister-President (Ministru prezidents) President (President) Prime Minister (Prim Ministru) President (Prezident) Chairman of the Government (Predseda vlády) President (Predsednik) President of the Government (Predsednik vlade) constitutional monarchy Grand Duke (Grand-duc / Großherzog / Groussherzog) Prime Minister (Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister) King (Kung) Minister of State (Statsminister) federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident) Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) Federal President (Bundespräsident) Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) constitutional popular monarchy King (Koning / Roi / König) Prime Minister / First Minister (Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister) federate republic President (Presidentti / President) Head Minister / Minister of State (Pääministeri / Statsminister) constitutional monarchy King (Konge) Minister of State (Statsminister) King (Koning) Minister-President (Minister-president) devolved republic President of the Republic (Presidente della Repubblica) President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) constitutional monarchy King (Rey) President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno) semi-presidential federate republic President (Président) Prime Minister (Premier ministre) unitary President (Prezidentas) Minister-Chairman (Ministras Pirmininkas) President (Prezydent) President of the Council of Ministers (Prezes Rady Ministrów) President (Presidente) Prime Minister (Primeiro-Ministro) President (Preşedinte) Prime Minister (Prim-ministru) presidential President (Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı)
I: While the Constitution of Greece refers to the office as "Prime Minister", "President of the Government" is used as an atlernative title. II: The Irish name is used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland, and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland.
Listed by type of parliament Member state System Overall name of legislature Lower house (members) Upper house (members) bicameral Austrian Parliament (Österreichisches Parlament),convened jointly as Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) National Council (Nationalrat) (183) Federal Council (Bundesrat) (61) bicameral,de facto unicameral Federal Parliament (Federaal Parlement / Parlement fédéral / Föderales Parlament),convened jointly as United Chambers (Verenigde Kamers / Chambres réunies) Chamber of Representatives(Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers /Chambre des Représentants /Abgeordnetenkammer) (150) Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat) (60) unicameral National Assembly (Народно събрание) (240) unicameral Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) (151) unicameral House of Representatives (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi) (56) bicameral Parliament (Parlament) Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) (200) Senate (Senát) (81) unicameral The People's Thing (Folketinget) (179) unicameral State Assembly (Riigikogu) (101) unicameral Diet (Eduskunta / Riksdag) (200) bicameral Parliament (Parlement), convened jointly as Congress (Congrès) National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) (577) Senate (Sénat) (348) bicameral — Federal Diet (Bundestag) (736) Federal Council (Bundesrat) (69) unicameral Parliament of the Greeks (Βουλή των Ελλήνων) (300) unicameral National Assembly (Országgyűlés) (199) bicameral National Parliament () Assembly () (166) Senate () (60) bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) (400) Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) (200) unicameral Diet (Saeima) (100) unicameral Diet (Seimas) (141) unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten) (60) unicameral House of Representatives (Kamra tad-Deputati) (67) bicameral States–General (Staten–Generaal) Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer) (150) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) (75) bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) Diet (Sejm) (460) Senate (Senat) (100) unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) (230) bicameral Parliament (Parlamentul),